आविष्कार और आविष्कारक

List of inventors
This is a list of inventors.
Alphabetical list
A
Vitaly Abalakov (1906–1986), Russia – camming
devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice
climbing anchor
Ernst Karl Abbe (1840–1905), Germany – Condenser
(microscope) , apochromatic lens, refractometer
Carl Roman Abt (1850–1933), Switzerland – Abt
rack railway system
Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), Armenia/Russia –
tricolor principle of the color television
William Addis (1734–1808), England – Toothbrush
Robert Adler (1913–2007), Austria/United States –
wireless remote control (with Eugene Polley)
Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber) (c. 1100–1150), Islamic
Spain – portable celestial globe
Samuel W. Alderson (1914–2005), USA – Crash test
dummy
Anatoly Alexandrov (1903–1994), Russia – anti-
mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors
(including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)
Alexandre Alexeieff (1901–1982) Russia/France –
pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)
Rostislav Alexeyev (1916–1980), Russia –
ekranoplan
Genrich Altshuller (1926–1998), Russia – TRIZ
("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")
Bruce Ames (born 1928), USA – Ames test (cell
biology)
Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), Italy –
Dipleidoscope , Amici prism
Mary Anderson (1866–1953), United States –
windshield wiper blade
Momofuku Ando (1910–2007), Japan – Instant
noodles
Vasily Andreyev (1861–1918), Russia – standard
balalaika
Hal Anger (1920–2005), USA – a.o. Well counter
(radioactivity measurements), gamma camera
Anders Knutsson Ångström (1888–1981), Sweden –
Pyranometer
Ottomar Anschütz (1846–1907), Germany – single-
curtain focal-plane shutter, electrotachyscope
Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe (1872–1931), Germany
– Gyrocompass
George Antheil (1900–1959), together with Hedy
Lamarr (1914–2000), USA, Frequency-hopping
spread spectrum
Oleg Antonov (1906–1984), Russia – An-series
aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124
(the largest serial cargo , later modified to world's
largest fixed-wing aircraft An-225 )
Virginia Apgar (1909–1974), USA – Apgar score (for
newborn babies)
Nicolas Appert (1749–1841), France – canning
(food preservation) using glass bottles, see also
Peter Durand
Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC), Greece – Archimedes'
screw
Guido of Arezzo (c. 991 – c. 1033), Italy –
Guidonian hand , musical notation, see also staff
(music)
Ami Argand (1750–1803), France – Argand lamp
Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890–1954), USA – FM
radio
William George Armstrong (1810–1900), UK –
hydraulic accumulator
Neil Arnott (1788–1874), UK – waterbed
Lev Artsimovich (1909–1973), Russia – tokamak
Joseph Aspdin (1788–1855), UK – Portland cement
John Vincent Atanasoff (1903–1995), Bulgaria/USA
– modern digital computer
Frank Eugene Austin (1873–1964), USA – first
patented ant farm
Daniel Axelrod (inv. 1980), USA – Total internal
reflection fluorescence microscope
B
Charles Babbage (1791–1871), UK – analytical
engine (semi-automatic)
Victor Babeș (1854–1926) Romania – Babesia , the
founder of serum therapy
Roger Bacon (1214–1292), UK – magnifying glass
Leo Baekeland (1863–1944), Belgian–American –
Velox photographic paper and Bakelite
Ralph H. Baer (1922-December 6, 2014), German
born American – video game console
Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917), Germany – a.o.
Fluorescein, synthetic Indigo dye , Phenolphthalein
John Logie Baird (1888–1946), Scotland – an
electromechanical television, electronic color
television
Abi Bakr of Isfahan (c. 1235), Persia/ Iran –
mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar
George Ballas (1925–2011), USA – String trimmer
Donát Bánki (1859–1922), Hungary – inventor of the
carburetor for the stationary engine[1]
Ridgway Banks, inventor of the Banks Engine, a
Nitinol based solid state heat engine
Vladimir Baranov-Rossine (1888–1944), Ukraine /
Russia/France – Optophonic Piano , pointillist or
dynamic military camouflage
John Barber (1734–1801), UK – gas turbine
John Bardeen (1908–1991), USA – co-inventor of
the transistor
Vladimir Barmin (1909–1993), Russia – first rocket
launch complex (spaceport )
Anthony R. Barringer (1925–2009), Canada/USA –
INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne
electromagnetic system
Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), Canada/USA – side-
delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo
bareback rigging, rodeo chaps
Nikolay Basov (1922–2001), Russia – co-inventor of
laser and maser
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī
(Albatenius) (853-929), Syria/Turkey – observation
tube
Eugen Baumann (1846–1896), Germany – PVC
Trevor Baylis (born 1937), UK – a wind-up radio
Francis Beaufort (1774–1857), Ireland/UK–
Beaufort scale , Beaufort cipher
Ernest Beaux (1881–1961), Russia/France – Chanel
No. 5
Claude Beck (1894–1971), USA – Defibrillator
Arnold O. Beckman (1900–2004), USA – electric pH
meter
Ulugh Beg (1394–1449), Persia/Iran – Fakhri
sextant, mural sextant
Vladimir Bekhterev (1857–1927), Russia –
Bekhterev's Mixture
Josip Belušić (1847–?), Croatia – electric
speedometer
Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), UK, Canada,
and USA – telephone
Nikolay Benardos (1842–1905), Russia – arc
welding (specifically carbon arc welding , the first arc
welding method)
Ruth R. Benerito (1916–2013), USA – a.o.
Permanent press (no-iron clothing)
Miriam Benjamin (1861–1947), Washington, D.C. –
Gong and signal chair (adopted by House of
Representatives and precursor to flight attendant
signal system)
William R. Bennett, Jr. (1930–2008), together with
Ali Javan (1926–), USA/Iran – Gas laser (Helium-
Neon)
Melitta Bentz (1873–1950), Germany – paper Coffee
filter
Karl Benz (1844–1929), Germany – the petrol-
powered automobile , the carburetor[2][3]
Alexander Bereznyak (1912–1974), Russia – first
rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with
Isaev)
Paul Berg (born 1926), USA – created the first
Recombinant DNA molecules
Hans Berger (1873–1941), Germany – first human
EEG and its development
Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949), Germany – Bergius
process (synthetic fuel from coal)
Georgy Beriev (1903–1979), Georgia /Russia – Be -
series amphibious aircraft
Emile Berliner (1851–1929), Germany and USA – the
disc record gramophone
Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955), UK – with Robert
Cailliau , the World Wide Web
Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907), France –
Berthelot's reagent (chemistry)
Max Bielschowsky (1869–1940), Germany –
Bielschowsky stain (histology)
Alfred Binet (1857–1911), France – with his student
Théodore Simon (1872–1961), first practical
Intelligence test
Lucio Bini (1908–1964), together with Ugo Cerletti
(1877–1963), Italy – Electroconvulsive therapy
Gerd Binnig (born 1947), with Christoph Gerber (?–),
and with Calvin Quate (born 1923), Germany/
Switzerland/USA – Atomic force microscope
Gerd Binnig (born 1947), together with Heinrich
Rohrer (1933–2013), Germany/Switzerland –
Scanning tunneling microscope
Clarence Birdseye (1886–1956), USA – frozen food
process
Laszlo Biro (1899–1985), Hungary – modern
ballpoint pen
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Persia/Iran –
mechanical geared lunisolar calendar, laboratory and
surveying equipment.
Thor Bjørklund (1889–1975), Norway – Cheese
slicer
J. Stuart Blackton (1875–1941), USA – stop-motion
film
Otto Blathy (1860–1939), Hungary – co-inventor of
the transformer, wattmeter , alternating current (AC)
and turbogenerator
John Blenkinsop (1783–1831), UK – Blenkinsop
rack railway system
Fyodor Blinov (1827–1902), Russia – first tracked
vehicle, steam-powered continuous track tractor
Charles K. Bliss (1897–1985), Austro-Hungary/
Australia – Blissymbols
Katharine B. Blodgett (1898–1979), UK –
nonreflective glass
Jacob Christoph Le Blon (1667–1741), Germany/UK
– three and four color Color printing
Alan Blumlein (1903–1942), UK – stereo
Leonard Bocour (1910–1993), together with Sam
Golden (1915–1997), USA – Acrylic paint
David Boggs (born 1950), USA – Ethernet
Nils Bohlin (1920–2002), Sweden – the three-point
seat belt
Joseph-Armand Bombardier (1907–1964), Canada
– snowmobile
Charlie Booth (1903–2008), Australia – Starting
blocks
Gail Borden (1801–1874), USA – a.o. Condensed
milk produced by vacuum
Sam Born , Russia/USA – lollipop-making machine
Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974), India – work on
gas-like properties of electromagnetic radiation,
Boson and providing foundation for Bose–Einstein
statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate
Jagdish Chandra Bose (1858–1937), India –
Crescograph
George de Bothezat (1882–1940), Russia/USA –
quadrotor helicopter , (The Flying Octopus )
Matthew Piers Watt Boulton (1820–1894), UK –
aileron
Robert W. Bower (born 1936), USA – self-aligned–
gate MOSFET
Seth Boyden (1788–1870), USA – nail-making
machine
Herbert Boyer (born 1936), together with Paul Berg
(1926–), and Stanley Norman Cohen (1935–), USA
– created first Genetically modified organism
Willard Boyle (1924–2011), together with George E.
Smith (1930–), USA – Charge-coupled device (CCD)
Hugh Bradner (1915–2008), USA – Wetsuit
Louis Braille (1809–1852), France – Braille writing
system, Braille musical notation
Jacques E. Brandenberger (1872–1954), Switzerland
– Cellophane
Édouard Branly (1844–1940), France – the coherer,
the first widely used detector for radio
communication.
Charles F. Brannock (1903–1992), USA – Brannock
Device (shoe size)
Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987), USA – co-
inventor of the transistor
Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918), Germany –
cathode-ray tube oscilloscope
Harry Brearley (1871–1948), UK – stainless steel
Stanislav Brebera (1925–2012), Czech Republic –
Semtex explosive
David Brewster (1781–1868), United Kingdom –
Kaleidoscope
Sergey Brin (born 1973), Russia/USA – with Larry
Page invented Google web search engine
Mikhail Britnev (1822–1889), Russia – first metal-
hull icebreaker ( Pilot)
Harold P. Brown (1857–1944), USA – electrical
safety equipment, plastic rail bond electric contact
alloy, application of concrete with compressed air or
steam
Rachel Fuller Brown (1898–1980), USA – Nystatin,
the world's first antifungal antibiotic
Wendell Brown (born 1961), USA – ADAP sound
editor, eVoice voicemail, Teleo VoIP, virtual
workforce and energy efficiency technologies
William C. Brown (1916–1999), USA – Crossed-field
amplifier
John Moses Browning (1855–1926), USA – Semi-
automatic pistol
Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1802), Sweden –
Gunpowder
Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn (1853–1927),
Germany – Taximeter
Nikolay Brusentsov (born 1925), Russia – ternary
computer (Setun )
Charles F. Brush (1849–1929), USA – a.o. Brush
dynamo
Dudley Allen Buck (1927–1959), USA – a.o.
Cryotron, content-addressable memory
Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), UK –
lawnmower
Gersh Budker (1918–1977), Russia – electron
cooling, co-inventor of collider
Robert Bunsen (1811–1899), Germany – Bunsen
burner
Corliss Orville Burandt , USA – Variable valve timing
Henry Burden (1791–1871) Scotland and USA –
Horseshoe machine, first usable iron railed road
spike
Richard James Burgess (born 1949), UK – Simmons
(electronic drum company) , co-inventor of SDS5
drum synthesizer
C
Robert Cailliau (born 1947), Belgium – with Tim
Berners-Lee , the World Wide Web
Nicholas Callan (1799–1864), Ireland – a.o.
Induction coil
Tullio Campagnolo (1901–1983), Italy – Quick
release skewer
Marvin Camras (1916–1995), USA – magnetic
recording
Charles Cantor (born 1942), USA – Pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (molecular biology)
Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born 1937), together with
Sir Martin John Evans (born 1941), and Oliver
Smithies (born 1925), USA – Knockout mouse , Gene
targeting
Roxey Ann Caplin (1793–1888), UK – Corset
Arturo Caprotti (1881–1938), Italy – Caprotti valve
gear
Richard Cannon (born 1954), USA – Electrical panel
lockout
Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576), Italy – a.o.
Cardan grille (cryptography)
Chester Carlson (1906–1968), USA – Xerography
Wallace Carothers (1896–1937), USA – Nylon and
Neoprene (together with Arnold Collins)
Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), Italy –
modern vermouth
Joseph Constantine Carpue (1764–1846), France –
rhinoplastic surgery
George Washington Carver (c. 1864 – 1943), USA –
agriculture
Giovanni Caselli (1815–1891), Italy/France –
Pantelegraph
George Cayley (1773–1857), UK – glider , tension-
spoke wheels, Caterpillar track
Anders Celsius (1701–1744), Sweden – Celsius
temperature scale
Vint Cerf (born 1943), together with Bob Kahn
(1938–), USA – Internet Protocol (IP)
Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), together with Lucio Bini
(1908–1964), Italy – Electroconvulsive therapy
Charles Chamberland (1851–1908), France –
Chamberland filter
Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), together with
Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), USA/China
– Combined oral contraceptive pill
Thomas Chang (born 1933), Canada/China –
Artificial cell
Octave Chanute (1832–1910), US – Civil Engineer
Emmett Chapman (1936–), US – Chapman Stick
Claude Chappe (1763–1805), France – Semaphore
line
David Chaum (born 1955), USA – a.o. Digital
signatures, ecash
Vladimir Chelomey (1914–1984), Russia – first
space station (Salyut), Proton rocket ( the most used
heavy lift launch system )
Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990), Russia – Cherenkov
detector
Adrian Chernoff (born 1971), USA – GM Autonomy,
GM Hy-wire, Rubber Bandits
Evgeniy Chertovsky (born 1902), Russia – pressure
suit
Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964), Russia – air
ionizer
Zang-Hee Cho (born 1936), South Korea – co-
inventor of Positron emission tomography and PET-
MRI
Andrey Chokhov (c. 1545–1629), Russia – Tsar
Cannon
Niels Christensen (1865–1952), USA – O-ring
Ward Christensen (inv. 1978–), USA – Bulletin board
system
Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), Denmark –
creator of LEGO
Samuel Hunter Christie (1784–1865), UK –
Wheatstone bridge
Juan de la Cierva (1895–1936), Spain – the
autogyro
Alexandru Ciurcu (1854–1922), Romania – Reaction
engine
Leland Clark (1918–2005), USA – Clark electrode
(medicine)
Georges Claude (1870–1960), France – neon lamp
Carl Friedrich Claus (c. 1883), Germany – Claus
process (petrochemistry)
Henri Marie Coandă (1886–1972), Romania –
Coandă effect of fluid dynamics, Coandă-1910
world's first jet
Josephine Cochrane (1839–1913), USA –
dishwasher
Christopher Cockerell (1910–1999), UK – Hovercraft
Aeneas Coffey (1780–1852), Ireland – heat
exchanger, Coffey still
Sir Henry Cole (1808–1882), UK – Christmas card
Samuel Colt (1814–1862), USA – Revolver
George Constantinescu (1881–1965), Romania –
creator of the theory of sonics , a new branch of
continuum mechanics
Albert Coons (1912–1978), USA –
Immunofluorescence (microscopy)
Harry Coover (1917–2011), USA – Super Glue
Lloyd Groff Copeman (1865–1956), USA – Electric
stove
Cornelis Corneliszoon (1550–1607), The
Netherlands – sawmill
Alexander Coucoulas (1933-), USA - Thermosonic
Bonding
Wallace H. Coulter (1913–1998), USA – Coulter
counter (cell biology)
Jacques Cousteau (1910–1997), France – co-
inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos
underwater camera
John "Jack" Higson Cover, Jr. (1920–2009), USA –
Taser
Thomas Crapper (1836–1910), UK – ballcock (toilet
valve)
William Crookes (1832–1919), UK – Crookes
radiometer, Crookes tube
Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731), Italy – piano
George Crum (1822–1914), USA – potato chips [4]
S. Scott Crump (inv. c. 1989), USA – a.o. Fused
deposition modeling
János Csonka (1852–1939), Hungary – co-inventor
of carburetor
Raul Cuero (born 1948), Buenaventura , Colombia ,
see Inventions and patents list
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725–1804), France – first
steam-powered road vehicle
William Cullen (1710–1790), UK – first artificial
refrigerator
William Cumberland Cruikshank (1745–1800), UK –
chlorinated water
Glenn Curtiss (1878–1930), USA – aeronautical and
aeroengine improvements
Jan Czochralski (1885–1953), Poland / Germany –
Czochralski process (crystal growth)
D
Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937), Sweden – AGA
cooker, Dalén light, Agamassan , Sun valve for
lighthouses and buoys
John Frederic Daniell (1790–1845), United Kingdom
– Daniel cell
Salvino D'Armate (1258–1312), Italy – credited for
inventing eyeglasses in 1284
Corradino D'Ascanio (1891–1981), Italy – D'AT3
helicopter ; Vespa scooter
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italy –
conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated
solar power, the double hull . Relatively few of his
designs were constructed during his lifetime. Some
that were used are an automated bobbin winder and
a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire
Jacob Davis (1868–1908), USA – riveted jeans
Edmund Davy (1785–1857), Ireland – acetylene
Humphry Davy (1778–1829), UK – Davy miners
lamp
Joseph Day (1855–1946), UK – the crankcase-
compression two-stroke engine
Lee DeForest (1873–1961), USA – a.o. Phonofilm,
triode , directional antenna, wireless telegraphy
Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1949), Russia – first self-
loading carbine , Degtyaryov -series firearms, co-
developer of Fedorov Avtomat
Akinfiy Demidov (1678–1745), Russia – co-
developer of rebar , cast iron dome , lightning rod (all
found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk )
Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (1927–2006), Russia –
3D holography
Robert H. Dennard (born 1932), USA– Dynamic
random-access memory (DRAM)
Miksa Deri (1854–1938), Hungary – co-inventor of
an improved closed-core transformer
James Dewar (1842–1923), UK – Thermos flask
Aleksandr Dianin (1851–1918), Russia – Bisphenol
A , Dianin's compound
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (1860–1935), UK –
motion picture camera
Philip Diehl (1847–1913), USA – Ceiling fan , electric
sewing machine
Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), Germany – Diesel
engine
Al-Dinawari (828–896), Persia/ Iran – more than a
hundred plant drugs
William H. Dobelle (1943–2004), United States –
first functioning artificial eye
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1780–1849),
Germany – Döbereiner's lamp (chemistry)
Toshitada Doi (born 1943), Japan, together with
Joop Sinjou, Netherlands – Compact disc
Ray Dolby (1933–2013), USA – Dolby noise-
reduction system
Gene Dolgoff (inv. c. 1985), USA – LCD projector
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862–1919), Poland/
Russia – three-phase electric power (first 3-phase
hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical
generator , 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)
Nikolay Dollezhal (1899–2000), Russia – AM-1
reactor for the 1st nuclear power plant , other RBMK
reactors, VVER pressurized water reactors
Bryan Donkin (1768–1855), UK – print industry
composition roller
Marion O'Brien Donovan (1917–1998), USA –
Waterproof diaper
Hub van Doorne (1900–1979), Netherlands,
Variomatic continuously variable transmission
John Thompson Dorrance (1873–1930), USA –
Condensed soup
Amanda Minnie Douglas (1831–1916), writer and
inventor (portable folding mosquito net frame)
Charles Dow (1851–1902), USA – Dow Jones
Industrial Average
Mulalo Doyoyo (born 1970), South Africa/USA -
engineer and inventor, ( Cenocell - cementless
concrete)
Anastase Dragomir (1896–1966), Romania –
Ejection seat
Karl Drais (1785–1851), Germany – dandy horse
(Draisine)
Cornelius Drebbel (1572–1633), The Netherlands –
first navigable submarine
Richard Drew (1899–1980), USA – Masking tape
John Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921), UK – first practical
pneumatic tyre
Cyril Duquet (1841–1922), Canada – Telephone
handset
Peter Durand (inv. 1810), UK – canning using tin
cans, see also Nicolas Appert
Alexey Dushkin (1904–1977), Russia – deep column
station
James Dyson (born 1947), UK – Dual Cyclone
bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles
of cyclonic separation.
E
George Eastman (1854–1932), USA – roll film
J. Presper Eckert (1919–1995), USA – ENIAC – the
first general purpose programmable digital computer
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931), USA –
phonograph, commercially practical light bulb , stock
ticker, ticker-tape machine etc.
Pehr Victor Edman (1916–1977), Sweden – Edman
degradation for Protein sequencing
Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925–2013), United
Kingdom – In vitro fertilisation
Ellen Eglin (born 1849), USA – Clothes wringer
Brendan Eich (born 1961), USA – JavaScript
(programming language)
Willem Einthoven (1860–1927), The Netherlands –
the electrocardiogram
Benjamin Eisenstadt (1906–1996), USA – a.o. Sugar
packet
Paul Eisler (1907–1992), Austria/USA – Printed
circuit board (electronics)
Giorgi Eliava (1892–1937), together with Félix
d'Herelle (1873–1949), France / Georgia – Phage
therapy
Ivan Elmanov , Russia – first monorail (horse-drawn)
Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996), Sweden – implantable
pacemaker
John Haven Emerson (1906–1997), USA – iron lung
Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013), USA – the
computer mouse
John Ericsson (1803–1889), Sweden – the two
screw-propeller
Lars Magnus Ericsson (1846–1926), Sweden – the
handheld micro telephone [citation needed]
Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), Germany –
Erlenmeyer flask
Sir Martin John Evans (1941–), together with Mario
Ramberg Capecchi (born 1937), and Oliver Smithies
(1925–), USA – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting
Ole Evinrude (1877–1934), Norway – outboard
motor
F
Charles Fabry (1867–1945), together with Alfred
Perot (1863–1925), France – Fabry–Pérot
interferometer (physics)
Samuel Face (1923–2001), USA – concrete flatness/
levelness technology; Lightning Switch
Federico Faggin (born 1941), Italy – microprocessor
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), The
Netherlands – Fahrenheit temperature scale,
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Michael Faraday (1791–1867), UK – electric
transformer , electric motor
Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), Germany; Eau
de Cologne
Myra Juliet Farrell (1878–1957), Australia –
stitchless button, Press stud
Philo Farnsworth (1906–1971), USA – a.o.
electronic television
Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796/806), Persia –
astrolabe
John Bennett Fenn (1917–2010), USA –
Electrospray ionization
Henry John Horstman Fenton (1854–1929), UK –
Fenton's reagent (chemistry)
James Fergason (born 1934), USA – improved liquid
crystal display
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), Italy – nuclear reactor
Humberto Fernández Morán (1924–1999),
Venezuela – Diamond scalpel , Ultra microtome
Michele Ferrero (1925–2015), Italy – Kinder Surprise
= Kinder Eggs , Nutella
Reginald Fessenden (1866–1932), Canada – two-
way radio
Robert Feulgen (1884–1955), Germany – Feulgen
stain (histology)
Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (1829–1901), Germany –
contact lens
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810–887), Al-
Andalus – artificial wings , fused quartz and silica
glass, metronome
Artur Fischer (born 1919) Germany – fasteners
including fischertechnik .
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together
with Hans Schrader (1921–2012), Germany –
Fischer assay (oil yield test)
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together
with Hans Tropsch (1889–1935), Germany –
Fischer–Tropsch process (refinery process)
Gerhard Fischer (1899–1988), Germany/USA –
hand-held metal detector
Paul C. Fisher (1913–2006), USA – Space Pen
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Scotland –
penicillin
John Ambrose Fleming (1848–1945), UK – vacuum
diode
Sandford Fleming (1827–1915), Canada – Universal
Standard Time
Nicolas Florine (1891–1972), Georgia /Russia/
Belgium – first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely
Tommy Flowers (1905–1998), UK – Colossus an
early electronic computer.
Thomas J. Fogarty (born 1934), USA – Embolectomy
catheter (medicine)
Enrico Forlanini (1848–1930), Italy – Steam
helicopter , hydrofoil , Forlanini airships
Eric Fossum (born 1957), USA – intra-pixel charge
transfer in CMOS image sensors
Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819–1868), France –
Foucault pendulum , gyroscope, eddy current
Benoît Fourneyron (1802–1867), France – water
turbine
John Fowler (1826–1864), UK – steam-driven
ploughing engine
Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), USA – the pointed
lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses , the Franklin
stove, the glass harmonica
Herman Frasch (1851–1914), Germany / USA –
Frasch process (petrochemistry), Paraffin wax
purification
Ian Hector Frazer (born 1953), together with Jian
Zhou (1957–1999), USA/China – HPV vaccine
against cervical cancer
Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827), France –
Fresnel lens
William Friese-Greene (1855–1921), UK –
cinematography
Julius Fromm (1883–1945), Germany – first
seamless Condom
Arthur Fry (born 1931), USA – Post-it note
Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), USA – geodesic
dome
Robert Fulton (1765–1815), United States – first
commercially successful steamboat, first practical
submarine
Ivan Fyodorov (c. 1510–1583), Russia/ Poland–
Lithuania – invented multibarreled mortar ,
introduced printing in Russia
Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000), Russia – radial
keratotomy
Vladimir Fyodorov (1874–1966), Russia – Fedorov
Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle , arguably the
first assault rifle )
G
Dennis Gabor (1900–1979), UK – holography
Boris Borisovich Galitzine (1862–1916), Russia –
electromagnetic seismograph
Joseph G. Gall (born 1928), USA – In situ
hybridization (cell biology)
Alfred William Gallagher (1911–1990), New Zealand
– Electric fence for farmers
Dmitri Garbuzov (1940–2006), Russia/USA –
continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together
with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers
Elmer R. Gates (1859–1923), USA – foam fire
extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic &
diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box &
blocks")*
Richard J. Gatling (1818–1903), USA – wheat drill,
first successful machine gun
Georgy Gause (1910–1986), Russia – gramicidin S,
neomycin , lincomycin and other antibiotics
E. K. Gauzen , Russia – three bolt equipment (early
diving costume)
Norman Gaylord (1923–2007), USA – rigid gas-
permeable contact lens
Karl-Hermann Geib (1908–1949), Germany / USSR –
Girdler sulfide process
Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1882–1945), Germany –
Geiger counter
Andrey Geim (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom –
graphene
Nestor Genko (1839–1904), Russia – Genko's Forest
Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)
Christoph Gerber (?–), with Calvin Quate (1923–),
and with Gerd Binnig (1947–), Germany/USA/
Switzerland – Atomic force microscope
Friedrich Clemens Gerke (1801–1888), Germany –
current international Morse code
David Gestetner (1854–1939), Austria-Hungary / UK
– a.o. Gestetner copier
Alberto Gianni (1891–1930), Italy – Torretta
butoscopica
John Heysham Gibbon (1903–1973), USA – Heart-
lung machine
Gustav Giemsa (1867–1948), Germany – Giemsa
stain (histology)
Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen (1903–1992), Austria –
Giesl ejector
Henri Giffard (1825–1882), France – powered
airship, injector
Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013), USA – Bubble
chamber
C. W. Fuller (inv. 1953), USA – Gilhoolie
Valentyn Glushko (1908–1989), Russia – hypergolic
propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines
(including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket
engine RD-170 )
Heinrich Göbel (1818–1893), Germany –
incandescent lamp
Leonid Gobyato (1875–1915), Russia – first modern
man-portable mortar
Robert Goddard (1882–1945), USA – liquid fuel
rocket
Sam Golden (1915–1997), together with Leonard
Bocour (1910–1993), USA – Acrylic paint
Peter Carl Goldmark (1906–1977), Hungary – vinyl
record (LP), CBS color television
Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), Italy – Golgi's method
(histology)
György Gömöri (1904–1957), Hungary / USA–
Gömöri trichrome stain, Gömöri methenamine silver
stain (histology)
Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), USA –
vulcanization of rubber
Robert W. Gore (born 1937), United States – Gore-
Tex
Igor Gorynin (born 1926), Russia – weldable
titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys,
radiation-hardened steels
James Gosling (born 1955), USA – Java
(programming language)
Gordon Gould (1920–2005), USA – Laser , see also
Theodore Maiman
Richard Hall Gower (1768–1833), UK – ship's hull
and rigging
Boris Grabovsky (1901–1966), Russia – cathode
commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube
Bette Nesmith Graham (1924–1980), USA –
Correction fluid, Liquid Paper
Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), Denmark /
Germany – Gram staining (histology)
Zénobe Gramme (1826–1901), Belgium/France –
Gramme dynamo
Temple Grandin (born 1945), Inventor of the squeeze
machine and humane abattoirs.
Michael Grätzel (born 1944), Germany/Switzerland–
a.o. Dye-sensitized solar cell
James Henry Greathead (1844–1896), South Africa
– tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield technique
Chester Greenwood (1858–1937), USA – thermal
earmuffs
James Gregory (1638–1675), Scotland – Gregorian
telescope
Charles Leiper Grigg (1868–1940), USA – 7 Up
William Robert Grove (1811–1896), Wales – fuel cell
Gustav Guanella (1909–1982), Switzerland – DSSS ,
Guanella- Balun
Otto von Guericke (1602–1686), Germany – vacuum
pump , manometer , dasymeter
Mikhail Gurevich (1893–1976), Russia – MiG -series
fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet
aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic
aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)
Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875), England - Gurney
Stove
Johann Gutenberg (c. 1390s–1468), Germany –
movable type printing press
Samuel Guthrie (physician) (1782–1848), USA –
discovered chloroform
H
Fritz Haber (1868–1934), Germany – Haber process
(ammonia synthesis)
John Hadley (1682–1744), UK – Octant
Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930), Russia/
Switzerland – first anti- cholera and anti- plague
vaccines
Gunther von Hagens (born 1945), Germany – whole
body Plastination
Charles Hall (1863–1914), USA – aluminum
production
Robert N. Hall (born 1919), USA – a.o.
Semiconductor laser
Tracy Hall (1919–2008), USA – synthetic diamond
Richard Hamming (1915–1998), USA – Hamming
code
John Hays Hammond, Jr. (1888–1965), USA – radio
control
Ruth Handler (1916–2002), USA – Barbie doll
James Hargreaves (1720–1778), UK – spinning
jenny
John Harington (1561–1612), UK – the flush toilet
William Snow Harris (1791–1867), United Kingdom
– much improved naval Lightning rods
John Harrison (1693–1776), UK – marine
chronometer
Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959), USA – first
successful animal Tissue culture , Cell culture
Kazuo Hashimoto (died 1995), Japan – a.o. Caller-
ID, answering machine
Victor Hasselblad (1906–1978), Sweden – invented
the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera
Ludwig Hatschek (1856–1914), Austria – Fibre
cement
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1039), Iraq –
camera obscura, pinhole camera , magnifying glass
Zheng He (1371–1433), China – Chinese treasure
ship
George H. Heilmeier (born 1936), USA – liquid crystal
display (LCD)
Henry Heimlich (born 1920), USA – Heimlich
maneuver
Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988), USA – waterbed
Jozef Karol Hell (1713–1789), Slovakia – the water
pillar
Rudolf Hell (1901–2002), Germany – the
Hellschreiber
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), Germany –
Helmholtz pitch notation, Helmholtz resonator ,
ophthalmoscope
Zhang Heng (78–139), China – Seismometer, first
hydraulic-powered armillary sphere
Charles H. Henry (born 1937), USA – Quantum well
laser
Joseph Henry (1797–1878), Scotland/USA –
electromagnetic relay
Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949), together with Giorgi
Eliava (1892–1937), France / Georgia – Phage
therapy
Heron (c. 10–70), Roman Egypt – usually credited
with invention of the aeolipile, although it may have
been described a century earlier
John Herschel (1792–1871), UK – photographic
fixer (hypo), actinometer
Harry Houdini (1874-1926) USA Flight Time Illusion
Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894), Germany – radio
telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation
Ephraim Hertzano (around 1950), Roumania / Israel
– Rummikub
Lasse Hessel (born 1940), Denmark – Female
condom
George de Hevesy (1885–1966), Hungary –
radioactive tracer
Rowland Hill (1795–1879), UK – postage stamp
Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005) – vaccines against
childhood diseases
Tanaka Hisashige (1799–1881), Japan – Myriad
year clock
Ted Hoff (born 1937), USA – microprocessor
Felix Hoffmann (Bayer) (1868–1949), Germany –
Aspirin
Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), Switzerland – LSD
Kotaro Honda (1870–1954), Japan – KS steel
Huang Hongjia (born 1924), China – Single-mode
optical fiber .
Herman Hollerith (1860–1929), USA – recording
data on a machine readable medium, tabulator,
punched cards
Nick Holonyak (born 1928), USA – LED (Light
Emitting Diode)
Norman Holter (1914–1983), USA – Holter monitor
Robert Hooke (1635–1703), UK – balance wheel , iris
diaphragm, acoustic telephone
Erna Schneider Hoover (born 1926), USA –
computerized telephone switching system
Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992), USA – Compiler
Frank Hornby (1863–1936), UK – invented Meccano
Jimmy Hotz (born 1953), USA – Hotz MIDI
Translator, Atari Hotz Box
Royal Earl House (1814–1895), USA – first Printing
telegraph
Coenraad Johannes van Houten (1801–1887),
Netherlands – cocoa powder , cacao butter ,
chocolate milk
Elias Howe (1819–1867), USA – sewing machine
Chuck Hull (born 1939), USA – 3D printer
Miller Reese Hutchison (1876–1944), USA – a.o.
Klaxon, electric hearing aid
Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695), Netherlands –
pendulum clock
John Wesley Hyatt (1837–1920), USA – celluloid
manufacturing.
I
Gavriil Ilizarov (1921–1992), Russia – Ilizarov
apparatus, external fixation , distraction osteogenesis
Sergey Ilyushin (1894–1977), Russia – Il -series
aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most
produced military aircraft in history)
Mamoru Imura (born 1948), Japan – RFIQin
(automatic cooking device)
Daisuke Inoue (born 1940), Japan – Karaoke
machine
János Irinyi (1817–1895), Hungary – noiseless
match
Aleksei Isaev (1908–1971), Russia – first rocket-
powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)
Isidore (inventor) (15th Century), Russia –
supposedly first Russian vodka
Ub Iwerks (1901–1971), U. S. – Multiplane camera
for animation
J
Moritz von Jacobi (1801–1874), Germany/Russia –
electrotyping, electric boat
Rudolf Jaenisch (born 1942), Germany/USA – first
Genetically modified mouse
Karl Guthe Jansky (1905–1950), USA – radio
telescope
Karl Jatho (1873–1933), Germany – aeroplane
Ali Javan (born 1926), together with William R.
Bennett, Jr. (1930–2008), Iran/USA – Gas laser
(Helium-Neon)
Al-Jazari (1136–1206), Iraq – crank-driven and
hydropowered saqiya chain pump , crank-driven
screw and screwpump , elephant clock , weight-driven
clock, weight-driven pump , reciprocating piston
suction pump, geared and hydropowered water
supply system , programmable humanoid robots,
robotics, hand washing automata , flush mechanism ,
lamination, static balancing , paper model, sand
casting, molding sand , intermittency , linkage
Ibn Al-Jazzar (Algizar) (c. 898–980), Tunisia –
sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction
treatment drugs
Ányos Jedlik (1800–1898), Hungary – Jedlik
dynamo
Alec John Jeffreys (1950–), United Kingdom – DNA
profiling (forensics)
Charles Francis Jenkins (1867–1934) – television
and movie projector (Phantoscope)
Steve Jobs (1955–2011), USA – Apple Macintosh
computer, iPod, iPhone, iPad and other devices and
software operating systems and applications.
Carl Edvard Johansson (1864–1943), Sweden –
Gauge blocks
Johan Petter Johansson (1853–1943), Sweden –
the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner
Reynold B. Johnson (1906–1998), USA – Hard disk
drive
Philipp von Jolly (1809–1884), Germany – Jolly
balance
Scott A. Jones (born 1960), USA – created one of
the most successful versions of voicemail as well as
ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search
engine
Tom Parry Jones (1935–2013), United Kingdom –
first electronic Breathalyzer
Assen Jordanoff (1896–1967), Bulgaria – airbag
Anatol Josepho (1894–1980), patented the first
coin-operated photo booth called the "Photomaton"
in 1925.
Marjorie Joyner (1896–1994), USA – Permanent
wave machine
Whitcomb Judson (1836–1909), USA – zipper
Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975), USA – chemical
synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants
Ma Jun (c. 200–265), China – south-pointing
chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet
theater, chain pumps, improved silk looms
K
Mikhail Kalashnikov (1919–2013), Russia – AK-47
and AK-74 assault rifles (the most produced ever) [5]
Bob Kahn (born 1938), together with Vint Cerf
(1943–), USA – Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Dawon Kahng (1931–1992), South Korea, together
with Simon Sze (1936–), Taiwan/USA – Floating-
gate MOSFET
Dean Kamen (born 1951), USA – Invented the
Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), Netherlands
– liquid helium
Nikolay Kamov (1902–1973), Russia – armored
battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters
Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984), Russia – first
ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic
low-temperature physics inventions
Georgii Karpechenko (1899–1941), Russia –
rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained
through the crossbreeding)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī (c. 1380–1429), Persia/Iran –
plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computer
Yevgeny Kaspersky (born 1965), Russia – Kaspersky
Anti-Virus , Kaspersky Internet Security , Kaspersky
Mobile Security anti-virus products
Andrew Kay (born 1919), USA – Digital voltmeter
Nicholas McKay, Sr. (1920–2014), USA – Lint roller
Adolphe Kégresse (1879–1943), France/Russia –
Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road
vehicle with continuous track), dual clutch
transmission
Carl D. Keith (1920–2008), together with John J.
Mooney (c. 1928–), USA – three way catalytic
converter
Mstislav Keldysh (1911–1978), Latvia/Russia – co-
developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite)
together with Korolyov and Tikhonravov
John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943), cornflake
breakfasts
John G. Kemeny (1926–1992), together with
Thomas E. Kurtz (1928–), Hungary/USA – BASIC
(programming language)
Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Russia – first
space exploration rover (Lunokhod)
William Saville-Kent (1845–1908), UK/Australia –
Pearl culture, see also Mikimoto Kōkichi
Kerim Kerimov (1917–2003), Azerbaijan and Russia
– co-developer of human spaceflight, space dock,
space station
Charles F. Kettering (1876–1958), USA – invented
automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline
and more
Fazlur Khan (1929–1982), Bangladesh – structural
systems for high-rise skyscrapers
Yulii Khariton (1904–1996), Russia – chief designer
of the Soviet atomic bomb , co-developer of the Tsar
Bomb
Anatoly Kharlampiev (1906–1979), Russia – Sambo
(martial art)
Al-Khazini ( fl. 1115–1130), Persia/Iran – hydrostatic
balance
Konstantin Khrenov (1894–1984), Russia –
underwater welding
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (c. 940–1000), Persia/
Iran – astronomical sextant
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi) (c.
780-850), Persia/ Iran – modern algebra , mural
instrument, horary quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow
square
Marcel Kiepach (1894-1915), Croatia - dynamo,
maritime compass that indicates north regardless of
the presence of iron or magnetic forces
Erhard Kietz (1909–1982), Germany & USAA. –
signal improvements for video transmissions [6]
Jack Kilby (1923–2005), USA – patented the first
integrated circuit
Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801–873), Iraq/Yemen –
ethanol , pure distilled alcohol , cryptanalysis ,
frequency analysis
Petrus Jacobus Kipp (1808–1864), The Netherlands
– Kipp's apparatus (chemistry)
Steve Kirsch (born 1956), USA – Optical mouse
Fritz Klatte (1880–1934), Germany – vinyl chloride,
forerunner to polyvinyl chloride
Yves Klein (1928–1962), France – International
Klein Blue
Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), USA – machine
that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper
bags
Ivan Knunyants (1906–1990), Armenia/Russia –
capron, Nylon 6 , polyamide-6
Robert Koch (1843–1910), Germany – method for
culturing bacteria on solid media
Willem Johan Kolff (1911–2009), Netherlands –
artificial kidney hemodialysis machine
Rudolf Kompfner (1909–1977), USA – Traveling-
wave tube
Konstantin Konstantinov (1817 or 1819–1871),
Russia – device for measuring flight speed of
projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum , launch pad ,
rocket-making machine
Sergey Korolyov (1907–1966), Ukraine /Russia –
first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7
Semyorka ), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the
first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite ), Vostok
program (including the first human spaceflight)
Nikolai Korotkov (1874–1920), Russia –
auscultatory technique for blood pressure
measurement
Semen Korsakov (1787–1853), Russia – punched
card for information storage
Mikhail Koshkin (1898–1940), Russia – T-34
medium tank, the best and most produced tank of
World War II [7]
Ognjeslav Kostović (1851–1916), Serbia/Russia –
arborite (high-strength plywood , an early plastic)
Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944), Russia – knapsack
parachute, drogue parachute
Harold D. Kraft (c. 1960) together with Jack A. Kraft
(c. 1960), USA – Vortex mixer
William Justin Kroll (1889–1973), Luxemburg/USA –
Kroll process
Alexei Krylov (1863–1945), Russia – gyroscopic
damping of ships
Ivan Kulibin (1735–1818), Russia – egg -shaped
clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw
mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a
flywheel, brake , gear box , and bearing , an early
optical telegraph
Shen Kuo (1031–1095), China – improved gnomon,
armillary sphere , clepsydra , and sighting tube
Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960), Russia – first nuclear
power plant , first nuclear reactors for submarines
and surface ships
Thomas E. Kurtz (born 1928), together with John G.
Kemeny (1926–1992), USA/Hungary – BASIC
(programming language)
Raymond Kurzweil (born 1948), Optical character
recognition; flatbed scanner
Ken Kutaragi (born 1950), Japan – PlayStation
Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014), USA – Kevlar
John Howard Kyan (1774–1850), Ireland – The
process of Kyanization used for wood preservation
L
Dmitry Lachinov (1842–1902), Russia – mercury
pump , economizer for electricity consumption,
electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer ,
photometer, elecrolyser
René Laennec (1781–1826), France – stethoscope
Lala Balhumal Lahuri (c. 1842), Mughal India –
seamless globe and celestial globe
Georges Lakhovsky (1869–1942), Russia/USA –
Multiple Wave Oscillator
Hedy Lamarr (1913–2000), Austria and USA –
Spread spectrum radio
Edwin H. Land (1909–1991), USA – Polaroid
polarizing filters and the Land Camera
Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906), USA – bolometer
Irving Langmuir (1851–1957), USA – gas filled
incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding
Norm Larsen (1923–1970), USA – a.o. WD-40
Lewis Latimer (1848–1928), USA – Invented the
modern day light bulb
Gustav de Laval (1845–1913), Sweden – invented
the milk separator and the milking machine
Semyon Lavochkin (1900–1960), Russia – La-series
aircraft, first operational surface-to-air missile S-25
Berkut
John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900), UK –
superphosphate or chemical fertilizer
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901–1958), USA –
Cyclotron
Nikolai Lebedenko , Russia – Tsar Tank, the largest
armored vehicle in history
Sergei Lebedev (1874–1934), Russia – commercially
viable synthetic rubber
William Lee (1563–1614), UK – Stocking frame
knitting machine
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), The
Netherlands – development of the microscope
Jerome H. Lemelson (1923–1997), USA – Inventions
in the fields in which he patented make possible,
wholly or in part, innovations like automated
warehouses, industrial robots , cordless telephones,
fax machines, videocassette recorders, camcorders ,
and the magnetic tape drive used in Sony's Walkman
tape players.
Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900), Belgium
– internal combustion engine, motorboat
Giacomo da Lentini (13th Century), Italy – Sonnet
R. G. LeTourneau (1888–1969), USA – electric
wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform,
bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapers
Rasmus Lerdorf (born 1968), Greenland/Canada –
PHP (programming language)
Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980), USA –
radiocarbon dating
Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), Germany –
nitrogen-based fertilizer
Hon Lik (1951 - ), Chinese. electronic cigarette
Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896), Germany – hang glider
Lin Yutang (1895–1976), China/USA – Chinese
language typewriter
Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), USA – organ
perfusion pump
Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist (1862–1931), Sweden –
Kerosene stove operated by compressed air
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Sweden – formal
Binomial nomenclature for living organisms,
Horologium Florae
Hans Lippershey (1570–1619), The Netherlands –
telescope
Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921),
France – Lippmann plate, Integral imaging,
Lippmann electrometer
Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar
Fyodorovich, Russia – samovar (the first
documented makers)
William Howard Livens (1889–1964), UK – chemical
warfare – Livens Projector
Eduard Locher (1840–1910), Switzerland – Locher
rack railway system
Alexander Lodygin (1847–1923), Russia – electrical
filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten
filament
Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russia – night
vision telescope , off-axis reflecting telescope , coaxial
rotor, re-invented smalt
Yury Lomonosov (1876–1952), Russia/United
Kingdom – first successful mainline diesel
locomotive
Aleksandr Loran (1849 – after 1911), Russia – fire
fighting foam , foam extinguisher
Oleg Losev (1903–1942), Russia – light-emitting
diode , crystadine
Antoine Louis (1723–1792), France – Guillotine
Archibald Low (1882–1956), Britain – Pioneer of
radio guidance systems
Ed Lowe (1920–1995), USA – Cat litter
Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909–2001), Russia – Buran
(spacecraft) , Spiral project
Ignacy Łukasiewicz (1822–1882), Poland – modern
kerosene lamp
Auguste and Louis Lumière (1862–1954 and 1864–
1948, resp.), France – Cinématographe
Cai Lun , 蔡倫 (50–121 AD), China – paper
Giovanni Luppis or Ivan Vukić (1813–1875),
Austrian Empire (ethnical Croatian, from Rijeka) –
self-propelled torpedo
Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman ( fl. 1589–1590), Mughal
India – seamless globe and celestial globe
Richard F. Lyon (1952–), USA – Optical mouse
Arkhip Lyulka (1908–1984), Russia – first double jet
turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines
M
Charles Macintosh (1766–1843), Scotland –
waterproof raincoat , life vest
Theodore Maiman (1927–2007), USA – Laser , see
also Gordon Gould
Ahmed Majan (1963–), UAE – instrumented
racehorse saddle and others
Aleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany – Orbitrap
mass spectrometer
Stepan Makarov (1849–1904), Russia – Icebreaker
Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and
crush pack ice
Victor Makeev (1924–1985), Russia – first
submarine-launched ballistic missile
Nestor Makhno (1888–1934), Ukraine /Russia –
tachanka
Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov (1896–1964), Russia –
Maksutov telescope
Annie Malone (1869–1957), USA – Cosmetics for
African American women
Sergey Malyutin (1859–1937), Russia – designed
the first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily
Zvyozdochkin )
Al-Ma'mun (786–833), Iraq – singing bird
automata , terrestrial globe
Boris Mamyrin (1919–2007), Russia – reflectron ( ion
mirror)
George William Manby (1765–1854), UK – Fire
extinguisher
Joy Mangano , USA – household appliances
Charles Mantoux (1877–1947), France – Mantoux
test (tuberculosis)
Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), Italy – radio
telegraphy
Gheorghe Marinescu (1863–1938), Romania –
Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome , Kinn reflex
(Marinescu-Radovici), Marinescu's hand, the first
science films in the world in the neurology clinic in
Bucharest (1898–1901)
Sylvester Marsh (1803–1884), USA – Marsh rack
railway system
Konosuke Matsushita (1894–1989), Japan – a.o.
battery-powered Bicycle lighting
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526–1585),
Syria/ Egypt /Turkey – steam turbine , six- cylinder
'Monobloc' suction pump , framed sextant
Frank Marugg (inv. 1944), USA – Wheel clamp
John Landis Mason (1826–1902), USA – Mason
jars
Fujio Masuoka (1943–), Japan – Flash memory
John W. Mauchly (1907–1980), USA – ENIAC – the
first general purpose programmable digital computer
Henry Maudslay (1771–1831), UK – screw-cutting
lathe, bench micrometer
Hiram Maxim (1840–1916), USA born, UK – First
self-powered machine gun
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) and Thomas
Sutton, Scotland – color photography
Stanley Mazor (1941–), USA – microprocessor
John McAdam (1756–1836), Scotland – improved
"macadam" road surface
Elijah McCoy (1843–1929), Canada – Displacement
lubricator
James McLurkin (born 1972), USA – Ant robotics
(robotics)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845–1916), Russia –
probiotics
Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès (1817–1880), France –
margarine
Mordecai Meirowitz (born c. 1925), Roumania /
Israel – Mastermind (board game)
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907), Russia – Periodic
table, pycnometer , pyrocollodion
George de Mestral (1907–1990), Switzerland –
Velcro
Robert Metcalfe (born 1946), USA – Ethernet
Antonio Meucci (1808–1889), Italy/USA– a.o.
various early telephones , a hygrometer , a milk test
Édouard Michelin (1859–1940), France – pneumatic
tire
Anthony Michell (1870–1959), Australia – tilting
pad thrust bearing, crankless engine
Artem Mikoyan (1905–1970), Armenia/Russia –
MiG -series fighter aircraft, including world's most
produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced
supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail
Gurevich)
Alexander Mikulin (1895–1985), Russia – Mikulin
AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines , co-
developer of the Tsar Tank
Mikhail Mil (1909–1970), Russia – Mi-series
helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's
most-produced helicopter ) and Mil Mi-12 (the
world's largest helicopter)
David L. Mills (born 1938), USA – a.o. Fuzzball
router , Network Time Protocol
Marvin Minsky (born 1927), USA – a.o. Confocal
microscopy
Tokushichi Mishima (1893–1975), Japan – MKM
magnetic steel
Seiichi Miyake (inv. 1965), Japan – Tactile paving
Pavel Molchanov (1893–1941), Russia –
radiosonde
Jules Montenier (1895–1962), USA – modern anti-
perspirant deodorant
Montgolfier brothers (1740–1810) and (1745–1799)
, France – hot air balloon
John J. Montgomery (1858–1911), USA – heavier-
than-air gliders
Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol (1819–1885), Spain –
steam powered submarine
Robert Moog (1934–2005), USA – the Moog
synthesizer
John J. Mooney (born c. 1928), together with Carl D.
Keith (1920–2008), USA – three way catalytic
converter
Roland Moreno (1945–2012), France – inventor of
the smart card
Samuel Morey (1762–1843), USA – internal
combustion engine
Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963), USA – inventor of
the smoke hood
Alexander Morozov (1904–1979), Russia – T-54/55
(the most produced tank in history), co-developer of
T-34
Walter Frederick Morrison (1920–2010), USA –
Flying disc
William Morrison (dentist) (1860–1926), USA – a.o.
Cotton candy machine
Samuel Morse (1791–1872), USA – telegraph , early
Morse code, see also Morse Code controversy
Sergei Ivanovich Mosin (1849–1902), Russia –
Mosin–Nagant rifle
Motorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s–1735) and his
son Mikhail Ivanovich (?–1750), Russia – Tsar Bell
Vera Mukhina (1889–1953), Russia – welded
sculpture
Kary Mullis (born 1944), USA – PCR
Fe del Mundo (1911–2011), The Philippines –
medical incubator made out of bamboo for use in
rural communities without electrical power
Colin Murdoch (1929–2008), New Zealand – a.o.
Tranquillizer gun , disposable hypodermic syringe
William Murdoch (1754–1839), Scotland – Gas
lighting
Jozef Murgas (1864–1929), Slovakia – inventor of
the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)
Evgeny Murzin (1914–1970), Russia – ANS
synthesizer
Banū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800–873),
Ahmad (803–873), Al-Hasan (810–873), Iraq –
mechanical trick devices , hurricane lamp , self-
trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask , clamshell
grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical
instrument, automatic flute player, programmable
machine
Pieter van Musschenbroek (1692–1761),
Netherlands – Leyden jar, pyrometer
Walton Musser (1909–1998), USA – Harmonic drive
gear
Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904), UK – motion
picture
N
Georgi Nadjakov (1896–1981), Bulgaria –
wikt:photoelectret
Alexander Nadiradze (1914–1987), Georgia/Russia
– first mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S ), first reliable
mobile ICBM ( RT-2PM Topol )
Nagai Nagayoshi (1844–1929), Japan –
Methamphetamine
James Naismith (1861–1939), Canadian born, USA
– invented basketball and American football helmet
Yoshiro Nakamatsu (born 1928), Japan –
"PyonPyon" spring shoes , digital watch,
CinemaScope , armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump ,
taxicab meter
Shuji Nakamura (born 1954), Japan – Blue laser
John Napier (1550–1617), Scotland – logarithms
Andrey Nartov (1683–1756), Russia – first lathe
with a mechanic cutting tool -supporting carriage
and a set of gears , fast-fire battery on a rotating
disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire
angle, gauge– boring lathe for cannon -making, early
telescopic sight
James Nasmyth (1808–1890), Scotland – steam
hammer
Giulio Natta (1903–1979), together with Karl Ziegler
(1898–1973), Italy/Germany – Ziegler–Natta
catalyst
Nebuchadrezzar II (c. 630–562 BC), Iraq
(Mesopotamia ) – screw , screwpump
Erwin Neher (born 1944), together with Bert
Sakmann (1942–), Germany – Patch clamp
technique
Ted Nelson (born 1937), USA – Hypertext,
Hypermedia
Sergey Nepobedimiy (born 1921), Russia – first
supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm , other
Soviet rocket weaponry
Karl Nessler (1872–1951), Germany/USA – a.o.
Permanent wave machine, artificial eyebrows
John von Neumann (1903–1957), Hungary – Von
Neumann computer architecture
Isaac Newton (1642–1727), UK – reflecting
telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)
Joseph Nicephore Niépce (1765–1833), France –
photography
Nikolai Nikitin (1907–1973), Russia – prestressed
concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower),
Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed
4000)
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1860–1940), Germany –
Nipkow disk
Jun-Ichi Nishizawa (born 1926), Japan – Optical
communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction
Transistor/Thyristor) , Laser diode , PIN diode
Alfred Nobel (1833–1896), Sweden – dynamite
Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), Sweden/Russia – first
successful oil tanker
Emmy Noether (1882–1935), Germany,
groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra
and theoretical physics; Noether's Theorem
Jean-Antoine Nollet (1700–1770), France –
Electroscope
Wilhelm Normann (1870–1939), Germany –
Hydrogenation of fats
Carl Rickard Nyberg (1858–1939), Sweden – the
blowtorch
O
Aaron D. O'Connell (born 1981), USA – first
Quantum machine
Theophil Wilgodt Odhner (1845–1903), Sweden/
Russia – the Odhner Arithmometer , a mechanical
calculator
Paul Offit, United States, along with Fred Clark and
Stanley Plotkin, invented a pentavalent Rotavirus
vaccine
Jarkko Oikarinen (1967–), Finland – Internet Relay
Chat (IRC)
Katsuhiko Okamoto (?–), Japan – Okamoto Cubes =
modifications of Rubik's Cube
Ransom Eli Olds (1864–1950), United States –
Assembly line
Lucien Olivier (1838–1883), Belgium or France /
Russia – Russian salad (Olivier salad)
Gerard K. O'Neill (1927–1992), USA – Storage ring
(physics)
J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967), United States
– Atomic bomb
Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II (1858–1923) American
– weapon sights & mining
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Denmark –
electromagnetism , aluminium
Elisha Otis (1811–1861), USA – safety system for
Elevators
William Oughtred (1575–1660), UK – slide rule
P
Arogyaswami Paulraj (born 1944), India/USA –
MIMO
Antonio Pacinotti (1841–1912), Italy – Pacinotti
dynamo
Larry Page (born 1973), USA – with Sergey Brin
invented Google web search engine
William Painter (1838–1906), UK/USA – a.o. Crown
cork, Bottle opener
Alexey Pajitnov (born 1956), Russia/USA – Tetris
George Emil Palade (1912–2008) Romania –
ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum
Julio Palmaz (born 1945), Argentina – balloon-
expandable, stent
Helge Palmcrantz (1842–1880), Sweden – the multi-
barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun
Daniel David Palmer (1845–1913), Canada –
chiropractic
Luigi Palmieri (1807–1896), Italy – seismometer
Frank Pantridge (1916–2004), Ireland – Portable
defibrillator
Georgios Papanikolaou (1883–1962), Greece / USA
– Papanicolaou stain , Pap test = Pap smear
Philip M. Parker (born 1960), USA – computer
automated book authoring
Alexander Parkes (1831–1890), UK – celluloid
Forrest Parry (1921–2005), USA – Magnetic stripe
card
Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), British –
steam turbine
Spede Pasanen (1930–2001), Finland – a.o. ski
jumping sling, boat ski
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), France – Pascal's
calculator
Gustaf Erik Pasch (1788–1862), Sweden – safety
match
Dimitar Paskov (1914–1986), Bulgaria –
Galantamine
C. Kumar N. Patel (1938–), India/USA – Carbon
dioxide laser
Les Paul (1915–2009), USA – multitrack recording
Nicolae Paulescu (1869–1931), Romania – insulin
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Russia, – classical
conditioning
Floyd Paxton (1918–1975), USA – a.o. Bread clip
John Pemberton (1831–1888), USA – Coca-Cola
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (1871–1922), Croatia –
mechanical pencil
William Henry Perkin (1838–1907), United Kingdom
– first synthetic organic chemical dye Mauveine
Henry Perky (1843–1906), USA – shredded wheat
Alfred Perot (1863–1925), together with Charles
Fabry (1867–1945), France – Fabry–Pérot
interferometer (physics)
Stephen Perry , UK (fl. 19th century) – rubber band
Aurel Persu (1890–1977), Romania – first
aerodynamic car, aluminum body with wheels
included under the body, 1922
Vladimir Petlyakov (1891–1942), Russia – heavy
bomber
Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921), Germany – Petri
dish
Peter Petroff (1919–2004), Bulgaria – digital wrist
watch, heart monitor, weather instruments
Fritz Pfleumer (1881–1945), Germany – magnetic
tape
Auguste Piccard (1884–1962), Switzerland –
Bathyscaphe
Wayne Pierce (inv. 1950), USA – Snow canon
Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), together with
Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), USA/China –
Combined oral contraceptive pill
Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881), Russia –
early use of ether as anaesthetic , first anaesthesia in
a field operation, various kinds of surgical
operations
Fyodor Pirotsky (1845–1898), Russia – electric tram
Arthur Pitney (1871–1933), United States – postage
meter
Hippolyte Pixii (1808–1835), France – Pixii dynamo
Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), Belgium –
phenakistiscope (stroboscope)
Baltzar von Platen (1898–1984), Sweden – gas
absorption refrigerator
James Leonard Plimpton (1828–1911), USA – roller
skates
Ivan Plotnikov (1902–1995), Russia – kirza leather
Roy Plunkett (1910–1994), United States – Teflon
Petrache Poenaru (1799–1875), Romania –
fountain pen
Christopher Polhem (1661–1751), Sweden – the
modern padlock
Nikolai Polikarpov (1892–1944), Russia – Po -series
aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik
(world's most produced biplane )
Eugene Polley (1915–2012), United States –
wireless remote control (with Robert Adler )
Ivan Polzunov (1728–1766), Russia – first two-
cylinder steam engine
Mikhail Pomortsev (1851–1916), Russia –
nephoscope
Olivia Poole (1889–1975), USA, – the Jolly Jumper
baby harness
Alexander Popov (1859–1906), Russia – lightning
detector (the first lightning prediction system and
radio receiver), co-inventor of radio
Nikolay Popov (1931–2008), Russia – first fully gas
turbine main battle tank (T-80 )
Josef Popper (1838-1921), Austria- discovered the
transmission of power by electricity.
Aleksandr Porokhovschikov (1892–1941), Russia –
Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and
the first caterpillar amphibious ATV )
Ignazio Porro (1801–1875), Italy – Porro prism ,
Strip camera
Valdemar Poulsen (1869–1942), Denmark –
magnetic wire recorder, arc converter
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), UK – soda water
Alexander Procofieff de Seversky (1894–1974),
Russia/United States of America – first
gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft , also
developed air-to-air refueling
Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002), Russia – co-
inventor of laser and maser
Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850), Ukraine /Russia –
early beehive frame, queen excluder and other
beekeeping novelties
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863–1944), Russia/
France – early colour photography method based on
three colour channels, also colour film slides and
colour motion pictures
Mark Publicover (born 1958), USA – First affordable
trampoline safety net enclosure
George Pullman (1831–1897), USA – Pullman sleep
wagon
Michael I. Pupin (1858–1935), Serbia – pupinization
(loading coils), tunable oscillator
Tivadar Puskas (1844–1893), Hungary – telephone
exchange
Q
Calvin Quate (1923–), with Gerd Binnig (1947–), and
with Christoph Gerber (?–), USA/Germany/
Switzerland – Atomic force microscope
Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), France/Belgium –
Body mass index (BMI)
R
Jacob Rabinow (1910–1999), USA – a.o. Magnetic
particle clutch, various Phonograph -related patents
C. V. Raman (1888–1970), India – Raman effect
Hasan al-Rammah ( fl. 1270s), Syria – rocket-
propelled torpedo
John Goffe Rand (1801–1873), USA – Tube
(container)
Harun al-Rashid (763–809), Persia /Iran – public
hospital, medical school
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–965),
Persia/Iran – distillation and extraction methods,
sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene ,
kerosene lamp , chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide
Alec Reeves (1902–1971), UK – Pulse-code
modulation
Karl von Reichenbach (1788–1869), Germany –
paraffin , creosote oil, phenol
Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996), Poland/
Switzerland – Reichstein process (industrial vitamin
C synthesis)
Ira Remsen (1846–1927), USA – saccharin
Ralf Reski (born 1958), Germany – Moss bioreactor
1998
Josef Ressel (1793–1857), Czechoslovakia – ship
propeller
Ri Sung-gi (1905–1996), North Korea – Vinylon
Charles Francis Richter (1900–1985), USA – Richter
magnitude scale
Adolph Rickenbacker (1886–1976), Switzerland –
Electric guitar
Hyman George Rickover (1900–1986), USA –
Nuclear submarine
Niklaus Riggenbach (1817–1899), Switzerland –
Riggenbach rack railway system , Counter-pressure
brake
Dennis Ritchie (1941–2011), USA – C (programming
language)
Leonard Rivkin (inv. 1962), USA – Child safety seat
Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675), France – Roberval
balance
John Roebuck (1718–1794) UK – lead chamber
process for sulfuric acid synthesis
Francis Rogallo (1912–2009), USA – Rogallo wing
Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013), together with Gerd
Binnig (1947–), Switzerland/Germany – Scanning
tunneling microscope
Peter I the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov), Tsar
and Emperor of Russia (1672–1725), Russia –
decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with
separating plummet (sounding weight probe )
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923), Germany –
the X-ray machine
Ida Rosenthal (1886–1973), Belarus /Russia/United
States – modern bra ( Maidenform ), the standard of
cup sizes, nursing bra , full-figured bra, the first
seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)
Sidney Rosenthal (1907–1979), USA – Magic Marker
Eugene Roshal (born 1972), Russia – FAR file
manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
Boris Rosing (1869–1933), Russia – CRT television
(first television system using CRT on the receiving
side)
Guido van Rossum (born 1956), The Netherlands –
Python (programming language)
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1754–1785),
France – Rozière balloon
Ernő Rubik (born 1944), Hungary – Rubik's Cube,
Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock
Ernst Ruska (1906–1988), Germany – electron
microscope
S
Albert Bruce Sabin (1906–1993), USA – oral Polio
vaccine
Alexander Sablukov (1783–1857), Russia –
centrifugal fan
Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385–1468), Turkey –
illustrated surgical atlas
Gilles Saint-Hilaire (born 1948), Canada –
Quasiturbine Qurbine
Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989), Russia – invented
explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-
developed the Tsar Bomb and tokamak
Jonas Edward Salk (1914–1995), USA – injection
Polio vaccine
Ibn Samh (c. 1020), Middle East – mechanical
geared astrolabe
Franz San Galli (1824–1908), Poland/Russia
(Italian and German descent) – radiator , modern
central heating
Frederick Sanger (1918–2013), USA – Sanger
sequencing (= DNA sequencing)
Larry Sanger (born 1968), together with Jimmy
Wales (1966–), USA – Wikipedia
Yoshiyuki Sankai (c. 1957–), Japan – Robotic
exoskeleton for motion support (medicine)
Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), Brazil – non-
rigid airship and airplane
Arthur William Savage (1857–1938) – radial tires ,
gun magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifle
Thomas Savery (1650–1715), UK – steam engine
Adolphe Sax (1814–1894), Belgium – saxophone
Vincent Joseph Schaefer (1906–1993), USA – a.o.
Cloud seeding by dry ice
Bela Schick (1877–1967), Hungary – diphtheria test
Hugo Schiff (1834–1915), Germany – Schiff test
(histology)
Pavel Schilling (1786–1837), Estonia /Russia – first
electromagnetic telegraph , mine with an electric fuse
Gilmore Schjeldahl (1912–2002), USA – Airsickness
bag
P.A.Sekar (1964–), India – Automatic warping
Machine for Handloom & Automatic warping Machine
for powerloom
Hubert Schlafly (1919–2011), USA – Teleprompter =
Autocue
Wilhelm Schlenk (1879–1943), Germany – Schlenk
flask (chemistry)
Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935), Estonia/Germany –
Schmidt camera
Otto Schmitt (1913–1998), USA – Schmitt trigger
(electronics)
Christian Schnabel (1878–1936), German –
simplistic food cutleries
Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946–), Netherlands –
Major contributor to development of Compact Disc
August Schrader (1820–?), USA – Schrader valve for
Pneumatic tire
Hans Schrader (1924–1963), together with Franz
Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), Germany –
Fischer assay (oil yield test)
David Schwarz (1852–1897), Croatia , – rigid ship,
later called Zeppelin
Marc Seguin (1786–1875), France – wire-cable
suspension bridge
Hanaoka Seishū (1760–1835), Japan – General
anaesthetic
Ted Selker (inv. 1987), USA – Pointing stick
Sennacherib (705–681 BC), Iraq ( Mesopotamia ) –
screw pump
Léon Serpollet (1858–1907), France – Flash boiler ,
Gardner-Serpollet steam car
Iwan Serrurier (1878–1953), Netherlands/USA –
inventor of the Moviola for film editing
Mark Serrurier (1904–1988), USA – Serrurier truss
for Optical telescopes
Gerhard Sessler (born 1931), Germany – foil electret
microphone , silicon microphone
Guy Severin (1926–2008), Russia – extra-vehicular
activity supporting system
Ed Seymour (inv. c. 1949), USA – Aerosol paint
Leonty Shamshurenkov (1687–1758), Russia – first
self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle
and automobile ), projects of an original odometer
and self-propelling sledge
Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375), Syria – "jewel box"
device which combined a compass with a universal
sundial
Bi Sheng ( Chinese : 畢昇) (c. 990–1051), China –
clay movable type printing
Nick Sheridon (1928–1962), USA – Electronic paper
Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973–1025), Japan –
psychological novel
Pyotr Shilovsky (1871 – after 1924), Russia/United
Kingdom – gyrocar
Masatoshi Shima (born 1943), Japan –
microprocessor
Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), Mughal India – early
volley gun
Joseph Shivers (1920-2014), USA – Spandex
William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989), USA – co-
inventor of transistor
Henry Shrapnel (1761–1842), UK – Shrapnel shell
ammunition
Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939), Russia – thermal
cracking ( Shukhov cracking process ), thin-shell
structure, tensile structure , hyperboloid structure ,
gridshell, modern oil pipeline , cylindric oil depot
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (born 1972), Malaysia –
cell growth in outer space , crystallization of proteins
and microbes in space
Augustus Siebe (1788–1872), Germany/UK –
Inventor of the standard diving dress
Sir William Siemens (1823–1883), Germany –
regenerative furnace
Werner von Siemens (1816–1892), Germany – a.o.
electric elevator , Electromote (= first trolleybus ), an
early Dynamo
Al-Sijzi (c. 945–1020), Persia /Iran – heliocentric
astrolabe
Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), Russia/USA – first four-
engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first
airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya
Muromets ), modern helicopter , Sikorsky-series
helicopters
Bernard Silver (1924–1963), together with Norman
Joseph Woodland (1921–2012), USA – Barcode
Kia Silverbrook (born 1958), Australia – Memjet
printer, world's most prolific inventor
Vladimir Simonov (born 1935), Russia – APS
Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol
Charles Simonyi (born 1948), Hungary – Hungarian
notation
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973–1037), Persia/Iran –
steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia ,
clinical pharmacology, clinical trial , randomized
controlled trial , quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer
therapy , pharmacotherapy , phytotherapy, Hindiba,
Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blocker
Isaac Singer (1811–1875), USA – sewing machine
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990), USA – Operant
conditioning chamber
Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897), Russia – shielded
metal arc welding
Alexander Smakula (1900–1983), Ukraine /Russia/
USA – anti-reflective coating
Michael Smith (1932–2000), USA – Site-directed
mutagenesis (molecular biology)
Oliver Smithies (born 1925), together with Sir Martin
John Evans (1941–), and Mario Ramberg Capecchi
(1937–), USA – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting
Yefim Smolin, Russia – table-glass (stakan granyonyi )
Friedrich Soennecken (1848–1919), Germany – Ring
binder, Hole punch
Su Song (1020–1101), China – first chain drive
Marin Soljačić (1974), Croatia - Resonant inductive
coupling
Edwin Southern (born 1938), USA – Southern blot
(molecular biology)
Alfred P. Southwick (1826 – 1898), USA - Electric
chair
Igor Spassky (born 1926), Russia – Sea Launch
platform
Percy Spencer (1894–1970), USA – microwave oven
Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860–1930), USA –
gyroscope-guided automatic pilot
Lyman Spitzer (1914–1997), USA – Stellarator
(physics)
Bhargav Sri Prakash (born 1977), India/USA -
Learnification platform at FriendsLearn, Virtual
Reality System, electromagnetic collision avoidance
system, OBD based in-vehicle powertrain
performance measurement, rate based driver controls
for drive by wire systems
Ladislas Starevich (1882–1965), Russia/France –
puppet animation, live-action/animated film
Gary Starkweather (born 1938), USA – laser printer,
color management
Boris Stechkin (1891–1969), Russia – co-developer
of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer
of Soviet heat and aircraft engines
George Stephenson (1781–1848), UK – steam
railway
Simon Stevin (1548–1620), Netherlands – land
yacht
Andreas Stihl (1896–1973), Switzerland/Germany –
Electric chain saw
Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790–1878), Scotland –
Stirling engine
Aurel Stodola (1859–1942), Slovakia – gas turbines
Aleksandr Stoletov (1839–1896), Russia – first solar
cell based on the outer photoelectric effect
David Strang (inv. 1890), New Zealand – first Instant
coffee
Levi Strauss (1829–1902), USA – blue jeans
John Stringfellow (1799–1883), UK – aerial steam
carriage
Bjarne Stroustrup (born 1950), Denmark – C++
(programming language)
Almon Strowger (1839–1902), USA – automatic
telephone exchange
Emil Strub (1858–1909), Switzerland – Strub rack
railway system
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) (903–986), Persia /
Iran – timekeeping astrolabe , navigational astrolabe ,
surveying astrolabe
Kyota Sugimoto (1882–1972), Japan – Japanese
language typewriter
Mutsuo Sugiura (1918–1986), China –
Esophagogastroduodenoscope
Pavel Sukhoi (1895–1975), Russia – Su-series
fighter aircraft
Simon Sunatori (born 1959), Canada – inventor of
MagneScribe and Magic Spicer
Sushruta (600 BC), Vedic India – inventor of Plastic
Surgery, Cataract Surgery, Rhinoplasty
Theodor Svedberg (1884–1971), Sweden –
Analytical ultracentrifuge
Joseph Swan (1828–1914), UK – Incandescent light
bulb
Robert Swanson (1905–1994), Canada – Invented
and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use
with diesel locomotives
Remi Swierczek (born 1958), Poland – Inventor of
Music Identification System and the Mico Changer
(coin hopper and dispenser used in casinos)
Andrei Sychra (c.1773/76–1850), Lithuania /Russia,
Czech descent – Russian seven-string guitar
Vladimir Syromyatnikov (1933–2006), Russia –
Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other
spacecraft docking mechanisms
Simon Sze (born 1936), Taiwan/USA, together with
Dawon Kahng (1931–1992), South Korea –
Floating-gate MOSFET
Leó Szilárd (1898–1964), Hungary/USA – Co-
developed the atomic bomb , patented the nuclear
reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan Project
Sweden , Compiling
T
Salih Tahtawi (fl. 1659–1660), Mughal India –
seamless globe and celestial globe
Teiji Takada , Japan – Fire balloon
Gyula Takátsy (1914–1980), Hungary – first
Microtiter plate
Esther Takeuchi (born 1953) - holds more than 150
US-patents, the largest number for any woman in
the United States
Igor Tamm (1895–1971), Russia – co-developer of
tokamak
Ching W. Tang (born 1947), Hong Kong/USA,
together with Steven Van Slyke , USA – OLED
Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi (c. 1187), Middle East –
counterweight trebuchet , mangonel
Gustav Tauschek (1899–1945), Austria – Drum
memory
Kenyon Taylor (inv. 1961), USA – Flip-disc display
Bernard Tellegen (1900–1990), Netherlands –
pentode
Edward Teller (1908–2003), Hungary – hydrogen
bomb
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), Croatia/Serbia –
induction motor , high-voltage / high-frequency
power experiments, the transmission of electrical
power
Léon Theremin (1896–1993), Russia – theremin,
interlace, burglar alarm , terpsitone , Rhythmicon (first
drum machine), The Thing (listening device)
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785–1870),
France – Arithmometer
Elihu Thomson (1853–1937), UK, USA – Prolific
inventor, Arc lamp and many others
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907),
United Kingdom – Kelvin absolute temperature scale
Sten Gustaf Thulin (around the 1960s), Sweden–
disposable Plastic shopping bag
Eric Tigerstedt (1887–1925), Finland – Sound-on-
film , triode vacuum tube
Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947), Hungary – co-
inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope
Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974), Russia – co-
developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite)
together with Korolyov and Keldysh , designer of
further Sputniks
Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov (1875–1960), Russia –
feathering spectrograph
Benjamin Chew Tilghman (1821–1897), USA –
sandblasting
Fedor Tokarev (1871–1968), Russia – TT-33
semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading
rifle
Ray Tomlinson (inv. 1971), USA – First inter-
computer email
Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), Italy – barometer
Alfred Traeger (1895–1980), Australia – Pedal radio
Richard Trevithick (1771–1833), UK – high-pressure
steam engine, first full-scale steam locomotive
Franc Trkman (1903–1978), Slovenia – electrical
switches, accessories for opening windows
Hans Tropsch (1889–1935), together with Franz
Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), Germany –
Fischer–Tropsch process (refinery process)
Yuri Trutnev (1927–), Russia – co-developer of the
Tsar Bomb
Roger Y. Tsien (born 1952), together with Osamu
Shimomura (1928–) and Martin Chalfie (born 1947),
USA – Discovery and development of Green
fluorescent protein
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), Russia –
spaceflight
Mikhail Tsvet (1872–1919), Russia –
chromatography (specifically adsorption
chromatography, the first chromatography method)
Alexei Tupolev (1925–2001), Russia – the Tupolev
Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)
Andrei Tupolev (1888–1972), Russia – turboprop
powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114 ),
turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95 )
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–1274), Persia/ Iran –
observatory , Tusi-couple
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135–1213), Persia/ Iran –
linear astrolabe
U
Shintaro Uda (1869–1976), together with Hidetsugu
Yagi (1886–1976), Japan – Yagi-Uda antenna
Lewis Urry (1927–2004), Canada – long-lasting
alkaline battery
Vladimir Utkin (1923–2000), Russia – railcar–
launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets )
Tomislav Uzelac, Croatia - first successful MP3
player, AMP
V
Vladimir Sergeyevich Vakhmistrov (1897–1972),
Russia – first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno
project)
Ira Van Gieson (1866–1913), USA – Van Gieson's
stain (histology)
Theophilus Van Kannel (1841–1919), United States
– revolving door (1888)
Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926), Russia – budenovka
military hat
Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966), Russia –
synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron
John Venn (1834–1923), UK – Venn diagram
(1881)
Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (1856–1913), France
– Verneuil process (crystal growth)
Pierre Vernier (1580–1637), France – Vernier scale
(1631)
Lucien Vidi (1805–1866), France – Barograph
Edgar Villchur (1917–2011), USA – a.o. Acoustic
suspension (loudspeaker)
Dmitry Vinogradov (c.1720/25–1758), Russia –
original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with
Mikhail Lomonosov )
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), Germany –
standardised Autopsy protocols
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973), Finland – a.o.
AIV fodder
Louis R. Vitullo (1924?–2006), United States –
developed the first sexual assault evidence kit
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), Italy – battery, see
also Voltaic pile
Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997), together with Henry
Chessin , and Richard E. Passarelli, Jr., USA – a.o.
Cloud seeding by silver iodide
Faust Vrančić (1551–1617), Croatia – parachute
Ivan Vučetić (1858-1925), Croatia - fingerprint
Traian Vuia (1872–1950), Romania – designed,
built, tested the first aircraft able to take off/land
independently on its own wheels in 1906. Vuia
reportedly flew to a height of 1 Meter and was able
to stay aloft for 20 Meters.
Ivan Vyrodkov (1488–1563–64), Russia – siege
tower
W
Paul Walden (1863–1957), Latvia/Russia/Germany
– Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first
room temperature ionic liquid)
Jimmy Wales (born 1966), together with Larry
Sanger (1968–), USA – Wikipedia
Madam C.J. Walker (1867–1919), USA – beauty
and hair products for African American women
Barnes Wallis (1887–1979), UK – bouncing bomb
Frederick Walton (c. 1834–1928), UK – Linoleum
Aldred Scott Warthin (1866–1931), together with
Allen Chronister Starry (1890–1973), USA –
Warthin–Starry stain (histology)
Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973), Scotland –
microwave radar
James Watt (1736–1819), Scotland – improved
Steam engine
Thomas Wedgwood (1771–1805), UK – first (not
permanent) photograph
Huang Weilu , China – Anti-ship ballistic missile and
series of DF-21 missiles
Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929), Austria – Gas
mantle, ferrocerium
Jonas Wenström (1855–1893), Sweden – three-
phase electrical power
George Westinghouse (1846–1914), USA – Air brake
(rail)
Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875), UK – a.o.
concertina, stereoscope , microphone , Playfair cipher,
pseudoscope, dynamo
Richard T. Whitcomb (1921–2009), USA –
Supercritical airfoil , Winglet
Eli Whitney (1765–1825), USA – the cotton gin
Frank Whittle (1907–1996), UK – co-inventor of the
jet engine
Otto Wichterle (1913–1989), Czechoslovakia – soft
contact lens
Gottlob Widmann (inv. c. 1954), Germany – Electrical
drip coffee maker
Norman Wilkinson (1878–1971), UK – Dazzle
camouflage
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), UK –
Cloud chamber
Paul Winchell (1922–2005), USA – the artificial
heart
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), Russia / USSR –
Winogradsky column for culturing microorganisms
Niklaus Wirth (born 1934), Switzerland – Pascal
(programming language)
A. Baldwin Wood (1879–1956), USA – high volume
pump
Norman Joseph Woodland (1921–2012), together
with Bernard Silver (1924–1963), USA – Barcode
Granville Woods (1856–1910), USA – the
Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph
James Homer Wright (1869–1928), USA – Wright's
stain (histology)
Wright brothers, Orville (1871–1948) and Wilbur
(1867–1912) – USA – powered airplane
Arthur Wynne (1862–1945), UK – creator of
crossword puzzle
X
Yi Xing (683–727), China – astronomical clock
Y
Pavel Yablochkov (1847–1894), Russia –
Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric
carbon arc lamp )
Hidetsugu Yagi (1886–1976), together with Shintaro
Uda (1896–1976), Japan – Yagi-Uda antenna
Alexander Yakovlev (1906–1989), Russia – Yak -
series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first
regional jet)
Linus Yale, Jr. (1821–1868), USA – cylinder lock
Linus Yale, Sr. (1797–1858), USA Penetomas – pin
tumbler lock
Shunpei Yamazaki (born 1942), Japan – patents in
a.o. computer science and solid-state physics , see
List of prolific inventors
Gazi Yasargil (born 1925), Turkey –
Microneurosurgery
Khalid ibn Yazid (635–704), Syria /Egypt –
potassium nitrate
Ryōichi Yazu (1878–1908), Japan – Yazu
Arithmometer
Gunpei Yokoi (1941–1997), Japan – Game Boy
Arthur M. Young (1905–1995), USA – the Bell
Helicopter
Vladimir Yourkevitch (1885–1964), Russia/France/
USA – modern ship hull design
Tu Youyou (1930–), China – Artemisinin
Sergei Yudin (1891–1954), Russia – cadaveric
blood transfusion and other medical operations
Muhammad Yunus (born 1940), Bangladesh –
microcredit, microfinance
Abu Yusuf Yaqub (c. 1274), Morocco/ Spain – siege
cannon
Abraham Albert Yuzpe (inv. c. 1974), USA – Yuzpe
regimen (= form of Emergency contraception )
Z
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013),
Islamic Spain – catgut surgical suture, various
surgical instruments and dental devices
Frank Zamboni (1901–1988), USA – Ice resurfacer
Giuseppe Zamboni (1776–1846), Italy – Zamboni
pile (early battery)
Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859–1917), Russia/
Poland – Esperanto
Walter Zapp (1905–2003), Latvia/Estonia/Germany
– Minox (subminiature camera)
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) (1028–
1087), Islamic Spain – almanac, equatorium ,
universal astrolabe
Yevgeny Zavoisky (1907–1976), Russia – EPR
spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy
Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953), Russia – the first
effective filtering coal gas mask in the world
Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), Germany –
Zeppelin
Frits Zernike (1888–1966), The Netherlands – Phase
contrast microscope
Tang Zhongming (1897–1980), China – internal
combustion engine powered by charcoal
Jian Zhou (1957–1999), together with Ian Hector
Frazer (1953–), China/USA – HPV vaccine against
cervical cancer
Nikolai Zhukovsky (1847–1921), Russia – an early
wind tunnel , co-developer of the Tsar Tank
Karl Ziegler (1898–1973), together with Giulio Natta
(1903–1979), Germany/Italy – Ziegler–Natta
catalyst
Franz Ziehl (1857–1926), together with Friedrich
Neelsen (1854–1898), Germany – Ziehl–Neelsen
stain (histology)
Konrad Zuse (1910–1995), Germany – invented the
first programmable general-purpose computer (Z1 ,
Z2 , Z3 , Z4 )
Vasily Zvyozdochkin (1876–1956), Russia –
matryoshka doll (together with Sergey Malyutin)
Vladimir Zworykin (1889–1982), Russia/USA –
Iconoscope , kinescope .
See also
Creativity techniques
List of emerging technologies
List of prolific inventors
Ten Japanese Great Inventors
The heroic theory of invention and scientific
development
Timeline of historic inventions
References
1. ^ Rigden, John S.; Stuewer, Roger H. (2009). The
Physical Tourist: A Science Guide for the Traveler
. Birkhauser.
2. ^ Inventors and Inventions . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
3. ^ Concept ProADVO: Invent More – Christopher
Brown . 1985-06-25. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
4. ^ "George Crum" . FamousInventors.org. Retrieved
2015-06-17.
5. ^ Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov
Rifles and Their Variations . North Cape
Publications. 2004.
6. ^ "FPO IP Research & Communities" .
Freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
7. ^ Parada (n.d.), George. "Panzerkampfwagen T-
34(r)" . Achtungpanzer.com. Retrieved November
17, 2008.   F.      

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